Home Brew 2
Euphoria
I think I need to make one point clear from my previous post. The ball bearings are still taking all thrust loads present. The thrust bearings (fancy name for washers) are there to spread the load evenly and transfer it to the center race of the ball bearing. I looked for washers with very accurate center holes and found them in the form of thrust bearings. I even considered making my own washers as precision washers are hard to find in small quantities. Thrust washers are not hard to find in small quantities. The thrust washer also protects the bearing seals from the damage seen on the first set of bearings. And lastly, there is one more surface for rotation when it happens.
The best thing I did was my own machining of the ends of the screws. I now know for sure that the thrust faces are smooth and true. The scratches on the first bearings really bothered me how they got there. They were not there when the bearings were new. I now have a 1/16 inch thickness of protective leaded bearing bronze between the screw steel and the ball bearing shields on both ends of the screws.
The proof is the Y screws are now running much smoother and even faster. The “clean up” did what I thought it would do.
The strange thing is when I do something like this, I sort of get a “high” from having solved a problem. Drugs are a lazy persons way to a high. Much better to gain euphoria the old fashion way, earn it! 🙂
An Improvement!
I modified the two Y screws on HB2 this evening. I removed the axis screws completely from the machine and chucked them (one at a time) into my Proxxon PD400 lathe. I cut back the 0.250″ diameter shafts at each end an additional 0.063″ – 0.065″ to make space for the 1/16″ thick 1/4″ x 5/8″ hard bronze thrust washers. I also made sure the screw shoulder was absolutely flat to the washer and square to the shaft.
I reassembled all four Y axis ball bearings (new) with a hard bronze thrust bearing (Alloy 932, sae 660) between the shaft and the ball bearing. The flat thrust bearings (McMaster-Carr 7814K11) cost $2.52 each so they were not cheap. I chose them because they are rated to take sudden loads without wear or damage. Exactly what happens in a rapidly and constantly reversing CNC machine.
The improvement in the Y axis operation is amazing! It runs like a totally different machine. I can do 150 IPM rapids (750 RPM) without weird sounds. I don’t trust it that fast so rapids are now set back at 125 FPM (625 RPM). Still louder than the X axis at the same speed but so wonderfully smooth sounding again.Â
I’ll take some pictures of the X screw rebuid to show what I did. That change out is next. It will be the same detail as how I did the Y screws. The addition of thrust bearings is certainly worth the slight effort and cost.
I may stop thinking about the motor resonance unless that is what’s limiting me to under 600 rpm. It’s really a non issue as I don’t cut anywhere near those speeds.
It’s All Resonant?
I am having some thoughts that the HB2 stepper problem may be part of the stepper resonance phenomena. The two Y axis motors on separate channels but running in tandem may be creating a mechanical resonance between them. Kind of like tuning both engines to the same RPM in a twin piston engine aircraft. There is a “beat note” low frequency resonance between the engines as they approach the same speed. (I am a pilot.) The same effect occures in a twin engine boat.
The same holds true when tuning a CW frequency in amateur radio. Another frequency (BFO –Beat Frequency Oscillator) is offset about 600 Hz so the signal can be heard. In older radios it was possible to tune the BFO to the exact (beat) frequency and when very close you would hear “wow, wow, wow” beat frequency of a few Hertz beat. (I am also a ham radio operator)
That beat can get fairly strong and become resonant. I think this may be contributing to the stepper resonance sensitivity. The issue is the two Y axis steppers HAVE to run at exactly the frequency so they could be adding to each other’s mechanical feedback. Then suddenly one stepper falls into its resonance “hole” and quits, just stalls. All my crash stalls have been on the tandem Y axis. It doesn’t happen very often so it is hard to prove.
This is all wild and just slightly educated speculation. I can’t find any real data on the Internet about tandem drive resonance but will say it has to be there. Large machines may be able to absorb such resonant frequencies or damp them. My tandem Y stepper steps have ALWAYS sounded louder than the other single drive axis and I don’t mean just because of the sound… Continue reading
Boy! Whata’ Drag
Here are the pictures of both pair of Y axis bearings. The drag I suspected wasn’t on the outside case edge but right in the middle of the shields. I most likely started this problem when I was experimenting with end thrust. I have replaced these but not tested the new bearings yet. I’ll do that this weekend.
I found a source for some 1/16″ Â thin solid thrust washers if I have to use them. They are available in several types of material and the center hole is very accurate.
One shield shown here is actually dented. I don’t know what caused that but it had to be a very hard stop or tapping on the bearing. This was also on the Y axis screw shaft that was factory supplied turned slightly undersized (loose rather than slip bearing fit.)
I also note the scraping is not 360 degrees on the bearings. That indicates some shaft/bearing misalignment. That is a big clue.
The lesson learned is to keep the preload as close to zero as possible. Mine were and are now set where I can turn the holding screws at their heads and the nylon lock nuts will turn if they are not held. I have had them a bit tighter when I first set up the machine, which I soon discovered is incorrect. A thin thrust washer may have prevented the digging in scrape. I’ll also make sure the end cover (pressure) plate holding screws are adjusted equally side to side (a part of bearing alignment).
Oh No! Again
Broke a coupling again, one of the new ones. So the new coupling isn’t any stronger than my original design. This time it was in the X axis where there has never been a problem. I replaced a perfectly good original style coupling with the new one and the trouble began.
This kind of “random error” coupling failure has been driving me crazy, especially now in a place where it has never been an issue. It is a good example of how powerful the stepper motors are at low speeds. They can break things well above their holding torque ratings.
What I think happened this time is I may have changed the preload on the X drive screw end bearings when I replaced the coupling. Those bearings are straight radial bearings not designed to take end thrust loads. After I replaced the new failed coupling, I could hear a slight binding (groaning noise) near the middle of the axis nut travel. I spent hours fine tuning the X axis and double checking every alignment. The problem was I could not tell what component was generating the sound. The steppers themselves make a buzz type noise when rotated, even when not powered.
Finally I backed off on the axis bearing cap to as loose as I could make it without end play. I would say as near zero end load as can be set. The groan went away and the X axis started running extremely smooth with no complaints of a binding noise.
Now I am thinking my oversize screws may drag on the case or outside rim of the bearings when under any type of end loading. The original design was to use 1/2 inch screws. I am using 5/8 inch on X and Y. There could be some… Continue reading